Definition of Job Design(JD) in HRM
"The function of arranging tasks,duties,responsibilities,authority and relationships into an organizational unit of work for the purpose of accomplishing a certain objective."
Tasks - A task is a series of motions and is a identifiable small work activity.
Duties - A duty is a series of tasks and is a large work segment.
Responsibilities - Responsibility is the obligation of performing the entrusted task and duties successfully.
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Definition of Job Analysis(JA) in HRM
Definition
"A systematic investigation of jobs and job holder characteristics in order to create a collection of information that can be used to perform various HRM functions"
Significance of JA
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"A systematic investigation of jobs and job holder characteristics in order to create a collection of information that can be used to perform various HRM functions"
Significance of JA
- labor relations
- recruiting
- selection
- strategic human resource planning
- employee development
- employee trainning
- career development
- performance appraisal
- compensation
Outcome of JA
Job descriptions
Job specification
Performance criteria and standards
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Functions of HRM
- Job design
- Job analysis
- Man power planning
- Recruitment
- Selection
- Hiring
- Induction
- Performance evaluation
- Training and development.
- Reward management
- Welfare management
- Health and safety management
- Discipline management
- Grievance handling
- Labor relations
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Unique Characteristics of HR
Human resources are the people.So we can imagine characteristics of a person.
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- Animate,active and living.
- Ability to think,feel and react.
- Value appreciates with the passage of time.
- Ability to organize
- Its behavior is complex and may be unpredictable.
- Ability of creativity and innovation.
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Strategic goals of HRM
Here are few strategic goals of HRM
- To improve employee productivity.
- To develop employees.
- To increase Quality of Work Life(QWL).
- To ensure legal compliance
- To ensure customer compliance.
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Definition of HRM (Human Resource Management)
- HRM is the "Effective" and "Efficient" utilization of human resource to achieve the goals of an organization
- Attract and retain the real talents to meet the organizational goals.
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Enterprise Resource Planning Questions.
01. a. Define and explain the term Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP).
b. i. What is the Difference between ERP and extended ERP?
ii. Briefly describe the ERP system and its concept.
c. Miracle Enterprises is a manufacturing company which wants to implement an ERP package.
How will you evaluate the ERP package,if you are planing a role of leader in implement team?
How will you evaluate the ERP package,if you are planing a role of leader in implement team?
d. Briefly explain the benefits of having an ERP package.
02. a. Define and explain the ERP life cycle.
b. What is Re-engineering?How is it important in ERP implementation process?
c. "Total Quality Management(TQM) is an alternative to Business Process
Re-enineering(BPR).But it would not be the same".Justify the statement
Re-enineering(BPR).But it would not be the same".Justify the statement
d. Explain how does the ERP fit with the E-Commerce.
03. a. What is SAP software?
b. ''SAP is using worldwide users across various industries".Explain this statement.
c. Briefly explain the following terms
i. EDI
ii. Data warehousing
d. Explain sales order process in sale module.
e. What is business modeling?
04. a. What is Customer Relationship Management(CRM)? Why is it important to an organization?
b. Briefly explain about the CRM Delivery options.
c. Describe the major stages in production process.
d. Explain about the product life cycle by giving suitable example.
05. a. Describe the knowledge management process.
b. "ERP system can eliminate the jobs".How can we use the knowledge management system
to overcome the lack of knowledge?
to overcome the lack of knowledge?
c. Who is an end user of ERP and why they are so critical for success of project implementation?
d. Describe the reasons of growth of the ERP Market.
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Re-engineering Guidance and Relationship with Mission,Work Process to IT
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ERP- Questions (This is a challenge for you)
If you were read my previous post about "ERP" you could answer these questions.
I challenge if you can answer for these questions. You can comment your answer with question number.
Thanks.
I challenge if you can answer for these questions. You can comment your answer with question number.
- Define is ERP?
- Define ERP systems?
- Briefly describe ERP concept
- What are ERP softwares?
- Who are the ERP users?
- What is the boundary of ERP ?
- Briefly describe ERP life cycle
- What are the ERP characteristics?
- What are the feature of ERP?
- Why companies undertake ERP ?
- Benefits of ERP?
- Define BPR
- List down objectives of BPR
- Give BPR overview
- Re-engineering guidance and relationship with mission,work process to IT
- List down stages of BPR cycle
- What is meant by TQM and CIP ?
- Distinguish between TQM vs BPR
- Point out important things when implementation of ERP
- What are the ERP implementation methodology?
- What are the implementation guidelines for ERP?
- Briefly describe about post implementation of ERP
- What is SAP ?
- Describe SAP architecture
- What is CRM ?
- What are the CRM building blocks ?
- What are the benefits of CRM ?
- List down benefits for the company from CRM
- How can use CRM in business?
- Features and benefits of CRM
- What are the CRM delivery model option? describe them.
- Define Knowledge Management(KM)
- Define Knowledge Management Systems(KMS)
- What are KM processes?
- What are KM mechanisms?
- Briefly describe about KM infrastructure
Thanks.
Overview of Knowledge Management Solutions
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Knowledge Management Insfrastructure
Organization culture
-Understanding of the value of KM practices.Management support for KM at all levels.
-Incentives that reward knowledge sharing.Encouragement of interaction for the creation and sharing of knowledge.
Organization Structure -
-Hierarchical structure of the organization(decentralization,matrix structures,emphasis on "leadership" rather than "management").
-Communities of practice.
-Specialized structures and roles(chief knowledge officer,KM department,traditional KM units)
Information Technology Infrastructure -
-Reach
-Depth
-Richness
-Aggregation
Common knowledge -
-Common language and vocabulary.
-Recognition of individual knowledge domains
-Common cognitive schema.
-Shared norms
-Elements of specialized knowledge that are common across individuals.
Physical environment
-Design of buildings(offices,meeting rooms,hallways)
-Spaces specifically designed to facilitate informal knowledge sharing(coffee rooms,cafeterias,water coolers)
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-Understanding of the value of KM practices.Management support for KM at all levels.
-Incentives that reward knowledge sharing.Encouragement of interaction for the creation and sharing of knowledge.
Organization Structure -
-Hierarchical structure of the organization(decentralization,matrix structures,emphasis on "leadership" rather than "management").
-Communities of practice.
-Specialized structures and roles(chief knowledge officer,KM department,traditional KM units)
Information Technology Infrastructure -
-Reach
-Depth
-Richness
-Aggregation
Common knowledge -
-Common language and vocabulary.
-Recognition of individual knowledge domains
-Common cognitive schema.
-Shared norms
-Elements of specialized knowledge that are common across individuals.
Physical environment
-Design of buildings(offices,meeting rooms,hallways)
-Spaces specifically designed to facilitate informal knowledge sharing(coffee rooms,cafeterias,water coolers)
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Knowledge Management Processes
*DISCOVERY + *CAPTURE
-Combination -Externalization
-Socialization -Internalization
⬇
*SHARING
-Socialization
-Exchange
⬇
*APPLICATION
-Direction
-Routines
Knowledge DISCOVERY
-May be define as the development of new tacit or explicit knowledge from (data and information)or from (the synthesis of prior knowledge)
Knowledge CAPTURE
-Is the defined as the process of retrieving either explicit or tacit knowledge that resides within people,artifacts or organizational entities.
-Knowledge captures might resides outside the organizational boundaries,including
consultants
competitors
customers
suppliers and prior employers of the organizations new employees.
Externalization and Internalization
Externalization - Involves converting tacit knowledge into explicit forms such as words,concepts,visuals or figurative language.
Internalization - Is the conversion of explicit knowledge.It represents the traditional notion of "learning".
Knowledge SHARING
-Is the process through which explicit or tacit knowledge is communicated to other individuals.
-Effective transfer.
-Knowledge is shared and not recommendations based on knowledge.
-It may take place across individuals,groups,departments or organizations.
Knowledge APPLICATION
Direction - Refers the process through which individuals possessing the knowledge direct the action of another individual without transferring to that person the knowledge underlying the direction.
Routines - Involve the utilization of knowledge embedded in procedures,rules and norms that guide future behavior.
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About Knowledge Management (KM) ,Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) and Overview of Knowledge Management Solutions
KM
Is the process of creating,sharing,using and managing the knowledge and information of an organization.
KM solutions,
Is the process of creating,sharing,using and managing the knowledge and information of an organization.
KM solutions,
- KM processes
- KM systems
- KM mechanism and technologies
- KM infrastructure
KMS
Integration of technologies and mechanisms that are developed to support KM processes.
An overview of Knowledge management solutions
KM Processes.
⬆
KM Systems.
⬆
KM Mechanisms and Technologies.
⬆
KM Infrastructure.
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CRM Delivery Model Option
There have two delivery models
- On premise CRM
- Hosted CRM
1.On premise CRM
CRM systems that are available for purchase off-the-shelf.
Ex:Siebel,Oracal,SAP and Chordinant are well known companies in this area.
Pros
- Can be tailored to business.
- Can be integrated with other system.
- Offer flexible package.
Cons
- More expensive in the short run
- Can take a long time, to implement fully version.
2.Hosted CRM
Web based applications for CRM with no software to download.Can use online by pay monthly basics.
Ex:Sage software,Microsoft Dynamics,Entellium,SAP,VanillaSoft
Pros
- Less expensive in the short run.
- Suitable for business with standard CRM needs.
- No need IT support.
Cons
- Can't integrate with other back office systems.
- Control all data by someone else.
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3 Steps to Create CRM Strategy
01.Set clear desired result for CRM,
Identify the steps to achieve this vision,monitor progress towards these goals.
02.The strategy should be incorporated into the,
Entire business model and align with strategies from other areas such as marketing and sales.
03.Should include these eight aspects,
Vision
Strategy
Customer experience
Organizational collaboration.
Process
Customer information
Technology
Metrics
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Identify the steps to achieve this vision,monitor progress towards these goals.
02.The strategy should be incorporated into the,
Entire business model and align with strategies from other areas such as marketing and sales.
03.Should include these eight aspects,
Vision
Strategy
Customer experience
Organizational collaboration.
Process
Customer information
Technology
Metrics
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Features and benefits of CRM
- A central database that is accessible by all employees to view and update customer data.
- Analysis of customer data.
- Customer self ordering.
- Identify potential customers.
- Reports generated with up to date.
Benefits for the Company From CRM
- Company can make or give products/service that meet customer's identified needs.
- Enhance marketing towards the most profitable customers to improve profit.
- Improve efficiency -Provide customer support online.(ex : frequently asked questions.)
- Analyze historical sale and service trends -Anticipate future business.
- Increase customer base as you develop new ways to engage in business online.
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Benefits of CRM
- Each and every customer feel like they have a one-to-one relationship with you.
- To show your customer that :
You understand them,
You care about their needs,questions and concerns,
You want to deliver services and products they need the most,
You appreciate their business.
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Who is Customer
Who buy from you,your partners,investors or employees.
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Customer Relationship Management Building Blocks
- A database that collects information about your customers.
- A way to analyze the information in the database.
- A strategy for applying the analysis to better meet your clients needs and identify potential customers.
- Collecting data to ensure your strategy is effective.
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Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Here are some points about CRM
- Business strategy built around the concept of improved customer service.
- CRM aims st increasing customer satisfaction,consequently increasing a business income.
- Capture information about customers is part of a CRM.
- Make better things from customer information, resulting is higher profit.
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Hide Animals Ever
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SAP Architecture
When we discuss about SAP architecture.There already have users such as clients and servers.Then we can call it as Client-Server environment.
- Client - It includes hardware and software - Request for service
- Server - This also contain hardware and software - Provide a services to a group of clients.
This SAP software develop as a Three-Tier structure(figure 01)
- GUI- Graphical User Interface
- Application Server
- Database Server
![]() |
Figure 01- Three-Tier Structure |
Presentation means GUI.There has centralized database to retrieve data for all applications installed in the computers.
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What is SAP ?
It is example of an ERP system.Designed to satisfy the information needs for ,Business size and all industries.
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ERP Fit with E-Commerce
Need to build two new channels of access in to ERP system,
- One for customer(Business to Consumer-B2C).
- One for suppliers and partners(Business to Business-B2B).
Note that they need different type of information from your ERP system.
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Risk and Governing Issues of ERP
These are points of risk and governing issues of ERP
- Single point failure.
- Job role changes.
- Online real time.
- Change management.
- Distributed computing experience.
- Broad system access.
- Dependency on external assistance.
- Program interfaces and data conversion.
- Audit expertise.
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Post Implementation of ERP
After the implementation of ERP there may be major expectations and fears.
Expectations
Expectations
- An improvement in processes
- Increased productivity on all fronts.
- Automate the manual processes.
- Real time information.
- Total integration of all operations.
Fears
- Job redundancy.
- Change in job profile.
- Loss of proper control and authorization.
- Increased stress caused by greater transparency.
- Individual fear of loss of authority.
Note - Balancing the expectations and fears is a very necessary part of the implementation process.
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Implementation Guidelines for ERP
Here are few important guidelines when you are going to implement ERP system in the company.
- Understanding the corporate needs and culture of the organization.
- after adopt with the implementation techniques.
- Doing a business process redesign exercise.
- Establishing a good communication network across the organization.
- Providing a strong and effective leadership.
- Finding an efficient and capable project managers.
- Creating a balanced team of implementation consultants.Who can work together as a team.
- Select a good implementation methodology with minimum customization.
- Training end users.
- To adapting the new system,change in the working environment to make effective.
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ERP Implementation Methodology.
Here are listed the methodology for ERP implementation
- Identify the needs.
- Evaluating the "AS IS" situation
- Deciding the "WOULD BE" situation.
- Re-engineering the business processes.
- Evaluating the various available ERPs.
- Installing the required hardware.
- Finalizing the implementation consultants.
- Implementation
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ERP Implementation
- The success of an implementation mainly depends on
users and vendors work together to achieve the overall objectives of the organization.
- The implementation consultants have to understand the need of the users,business problems and give solution,existing business information of users.
- ERP is an enabling tool.It work better.
- Change of "functionality" known as customization.
- Identify role and responsibilities of the employees.They must accept these new processes and procedures configured in the ERP.
- Processes and procedures have to be simple and user friendly.
- Well managed and implemented ERP package give 200% return on invest (ROI).
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Differences Between BPR and TQM
Here are the list of differences between BPR and TQM
Goal - TQM is small-scale improvements in many places with cumulative effects,But BPR is outrageous.
Scope and Focus - TQM attention to tasks,steps and processes across the board,BPR is select out broad business process.
Degree of Change - BPR is incremental and continual, TQM is order of magnitude and periodic.
Senior Management Involvement - In BPR it is important up front,In TQM intensive throughout.
Role of IT - In BPR incidental,In TQM cornerstone.
Case of Action -In BPR assumed to be necessary,In TQM compelling.
Goal - TQM is small-scale improvements in many places with cumulative effects,But BPR is outrageous.
Scope and Focus - TQM attention to tasks,steps and processes across the board,BPR is select out broad business process.
Degree of Change - BPR is incremental and continual, TQM is order of magnitude and periodic.
Senior Management Involvement - In BPR it is important up front,In TQM intensive throughout.
Role of IT - In BPR incidental,In TQM cornerstone.
Case of Action -In BPR assumed to be necessary,In TQM compelling.
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Full photo of the Earth to the media
![]() |
Figure 1 - (To best view please click on it) |
Russian Research Center for Earth Operative Monitoring, a Russian Space Agency released a complete photo of the Earth to the media .It was the best photograph ever on Earth.Photo is captured by a Russian weather satellite Electro - L.This photo has a huge pixel resolution of 121 mega pixel.
(Figure 1) This satellite, which is located over 35,000 km above the Indian Ocean, captured the single image frame of the Earth.(NASA has never technically made such a single shot.).The final photo is analyzed by the visible zone and the infrared region. The green color forest areas are described in orange.
The second photo shows a complete photo of the Earth taken by NASA's Deep Space Climate Observatory Satellite. NASA's 4 megapixel Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC), captured three separate photos of the Earth and tailored the three images, it has somehow improved the image to a better resolution. The image of ultraviolet and near infrared regions was used to create this image.You can see the blue shadow of NASA more than the Russian image. that sunlight is a reflection of the blue marble characteristic of the reflexes.NASA's EPIC team says they're still working to solve this problem.but you can see that the Russians are already fix it.
We imagine American and Russian competitiveness for the space technology battleship is finally over , but the picture shows that the technical strength of the field still stands by Russia.
![]() |
Figure 2 - (To best view please click on it) |
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Definition of Total Quality Management (TQM)
Total Quality Management(TQM) or Continuous Improvement Process(CIP),refers to programs and initiatives that emphasize incremental improvement in work processes and outputs over an open-ended period of time.
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Objectives of BPR
- Customer focus - customer service oriented processes aiming to eliminate customer complaints.
- Speed - time it takes to complete a task.
- Compression - cutting major task of cost and capital, throughout the value chain.
- Flexibility - Adaptive processes and structures to changing conditions and competition.Being closer to the customer the company can develop the awareness mechanisms to rapidly spot the weak points and adapt to new requirements of market.
- Quality - Obsession with the superior service and value to the customers.
- Innovation - Leadership through imaginative change providing to organization competitive advantage.
- Productivity - Improve drastically effectiveness and efficiency.
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Business Process Re-engineering
When talking about re-engineering, it is easy to divide in to two parts Re-engineering and Process.
Let's see what are these.
Re-engineering
The fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical contemporary measures of performance,such as cost,quality,service and speed.
Process
Process is a structured,measured set of activities designed to produce a specified output for a particular customer or market.
Some typical processes in ERP :
- Forecasting - shows sales and fund flows.
- Fund management - the necessity of funds and the way to raise these funds.
- Price planning.
- Budget allocation - using computerized algorithms to estimate desirable mix of funds allocated to various function.
- Material requirement planning.
- Quality control - that the products are of desired quality.
Now think with these two meanings,then you can get idea about BPR.
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Benefits of ERP
Here list of benefits from ERP system
- Increased control of invoicing and payment processing. ERP system does transactions according to given instruction.
- Reduce paper documents by providing on-line formats for quickly entering and retrieving information.
- Improves timeliness of information (Monthly reports to Daily reports ).
- Greater accuracy of information with detailed content,better presentation.
- Satisfactory for the auditors.
- Improved cost control.
- Faster response and follow-up on customers.
- More efficient cash collection.
- Better monitoring and quicker resolution of queries.
- Enables quick response to change in business operations and market conditions.
- Helps to achieve competitive advantage by improving its business process.
- Improves supply-demand linkage with remote locations and branches in different countries.
- Provides a unified customer database usable by all applications.
- Improves international operations by supporting a variety of tax structures,invoicing sachems,multiple currencies and language.
- Improves information access and management throughout the enterprise.
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What is LUCKY ?
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Why Companies Undertake ERP
Why Companies Undertake ERP
- Integrate financial information
- Integrate customer order information
- Standardize and speed up manufacturing processes
- Reduce inventory
- Standardize human resource information.
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Features of ERP
Features of Enterprise Resource Planning system.
- Multi-platform,multi-facility,multi-mode manufacturing,multi-currency and multi-lingual
- Support strategic and business planning activities,operational planning and execution activities,creation of materials and resources.
- ERP covering all functional ares like,
Selling and distribution
Payables
Receivables
Inventory
Accounts
Human resources
Purchases
- ERP performs core activities and increases customer service.
- Bridges the information gap across organizations.
- Provides complete integration of systems not only across departments but also across companies under the same management.
- ERP is the solution for better project management.
- Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT).
- Electronic Data Interchange (EDI).
- Video Conferencing.
- ERP eleminates business problems
Material shortages
Productivity enhancements.
Customer service.
Cash management.
Inventory problems.
Quality problems.
- ERP provides intelligent business tools like Decision Support System (DSS),Executive Information System,Data mining and easy working systems to enable better decision.
Characteristics of ERP
Characteristics of ERP
- Flexibility.
- Modular and open.
- Comprehensive.
- Beyond the company.
- Best business practices.
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ERP Life Cycle in Brief
ERP Rollout
Start with Request of Proposal (ROP) and vendor selection.It is ending with go live of the ERP system.
Important concerning :Degree of matching ERP product to business need.
Commitment of the vendor for future development and their financial health.
Support issues.
Optimization
Due to lack of understanding,a lot of confusion will prevail among users.There may be some bugs in product (in ERP Software).Need to correct that errors or bugs.
Maintenance
Longest period of life cycle.
Organization start realizing value of their investment.
Users will get familiar and start owning the system.
Changes in this phase - new reports,different workflows,some localization on taxes.
Maintenance will be covered by service level agreement,entailing payment of license fee to the vendor.
Extending Values
Overlap with the maintenance phase
There may be changes (minor or moderate) in the system.
Extensive changes under
A new accounting system.
A new regulatory requirement.
Extending the system with add on products,such as CRM,Business Intelligence (BI)
Decaying Performance
For an enterprise,business need and technological requirement,continue to evolve.
Complexity and difficulty to modify and update the existing system
Fixing existing system is no more viable and provides diminishing return.
Make decision to reimplementation.
Re-implementation
Similar to rollout phase
The organization is better organized now
Initial process will be carriedout more professionally
Next cycle gives a better Return on Investment (ROI).
Can develop better version with minimum need of customization.
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Do you know about Australia?
Do you know anything about Australia?
From 1816 onwards, people born in Sri Lanka settled in Australia. Today, there are more than 100,000 people in Australia. But have you heard about Australia?
The people of Australia are like 23 million. There are 75 million bangs. Kangaroo has 60 million.
The largest land in Australia is about 25,000 km (6 acres) large. Sri Lanka is 65,000 square kilometers in length.
In 1860, 24 camels were brought to Australia. Today there are more than 1 million camels. Their camels eat 80% of the plants. Then, the insects will lose food. That's why the Australian government is now putting out camouflaged cameras.
Around 270 million eating fruits per year in Australia. That means about 12 fingers per person.
In Australia, the state of Victoria is 37 times larger than Sri Lanka. (Except for the newly built Capital Territory) Victoria is the smallest state in seven of its seven states.
Another thing is that all Australian citizens in Australia should vote for their votes. Or you have to surrender to a mandatory fine of $ 50.
Another thing, QUANTAS is Australia's main airline. That means the Queensland and the Northern Territory Air Service.
Another thing, Australia is the most endemic mammals in the country.
Another thing is that wherever the inhabitants live in any part of the world, they are the only country that provides their own national languages to teach their own national languages.
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It has trained US bombers to intimidate North Korea
The United States conducted a joint military exercise with South Korea for two major bomber aircraft in the Korean Peninsula. Two B-1B bombers and two South Korean F-15K jets fired at a rocket carrying a rocket shot in the Korean Sea. Military training is underway after the North Korean nuclear test has increased. Over the past few months, North Korea has conducted its nuclear test and two missiles have been launched in Japan. Female Women by Women Women's Political Leaders? On Tuesday night, US bombers landed in the US Pacific region of Guam, entering the South Korean airspace. Later, South Korean troops reported that they were engaged in the East Coast and Yiali Coast. South Korea also said that the exercise was part of a campaign to prevent the spread of anti-proliferation protests in North Korea. The US has also reported that the Japanese Air Force is also involved in the war. The White House has said that US President Donald Tromp had met senior national security officials on Tuesday night. In recent weeks, US President Traymi and North Korean President Kim Jong-Ou exchanged stubborn views. Other news from cotton lining for concrete: The use of encased carbon dioxide has been published as a separate country. What are the challenges of living as the heir of Guevara? North Korean encroaches have robbed the US-South Korean war plan.
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Facebook Down
Facebook's social media network has fallen into many countries around the world. According to foreign media, it can not be accessed through Facebook or via mobile phones. It is said that Facebook users complain about complaints that they can not access their facebook accounts. In this situation, Facebook users can not share anything or publish their status. However, some foreign mobile phones can access the social network and can not go to Facebook accounts through computers.
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ERP Life Cycle
ERP Life Cycle Stages
- ERP Rollout
- Optimization
- Maintenance
- Extending Values
- Decaying Performance
- Reimplementation
The Boundary of an ERP System
The Boundary of an ERP System
It is small than the boundary of the organization,that implements the ERP system.
In contrast,the boundary of supply chain systems and e-commerce systems extends to the organization's suppliers.
Who Are The ERP Users ?
ERP Users
- Employee of the organization at all levels
- Workers
- Supervisors
- mid-level managers
- executives
Business Process
Business Process
Business process within an organization falls into three levels.
- Strategic - Responsible for long term processes
- Management - Responsible for short term processes, such as 3 months or monthly
- Operational - Responsible for day to day processes
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It is example of an ERP system.Designed to satisfy the information needs for ,Business size and all industries. If is there more things to...